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Racing methods analyze the initial results to determine if any of the tuning parameters are unacceptable enough to discard. All model parameters are evaluated on a few resamples. Maron and Moore (1994), enables a sequential type of grid search. For example, if we evaluate 50 tuning parameter values on 10 resamples, 500 model fits are evaluated before any analysis of the results takes place. The problem with this approach is that it requires all of the results to be able to make a decision. The user then choses a tuning parameter value that has acceptable results. A pre-defined set of parameters are created and often resampled so that good estimates of model performance are available. Grid search is a common method to find good values for model tuning parameters. The number of neighbors in a K nearest neighbor model is a good example. Tuning parameters are unknown quantities of a model that cannot be directly estimated from the data. "The bilingual's enhanced experience with sound results in an auditory system that is highly efficient, flexible and focused in its automatic sound processing, especially in challenging or novel listening conditions," Kraus added.This blog post will describe the two new tools in the package. The study provides biological evidence for system-wide neural plasticity in auditory experts that facilitates a tight coupling of sensory and cognitive functions. Rather than promoting linguistic confusion, bilingualism promotes improved 'inhibitory control,' or the ability to pick out relevant speech sounds and ignore others." "The bilingual juggles linguistic input and, it appears, automatically pays greater attention to relevant versus irrelevant sounds. "Bilinguals are natural jugglers," said Marian. "Through experience-related tuning of attention, the bilingual auditory system becomes highly efficient in automatically processing sound," Kraus explained. This enhancement was linked with advantages in auditory attention. But against a backdrop of background noise, the bilingual brains were significantly better at encoding the fundamental frequency of speech sounds known to underlie pitch perception and grouping of auditory objects. Under a quiet condition, the groups responded similarly. In the study, the researchers recorded the brainstem responses to complex sounds (cABR) in 23 bilingual English-and-Spanish-speaking teenagers and 25 English-only-speaking teens as they heard speech sounds in two conditions. In future studies, she and Marian will investigate whether these advantages can be achieved by learning a language later in life. "Bilingualism serves as enrichment for the brain and has real consequences when it comes to executive function, specifically attention and working memory," said Kraus, Hugh Knowles Professor at Northwestern's School of Communication.
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It seems that the benefits of bilingualism are particularly powerful and broad, and include attention, inhibition and encoding of sound."Ĭo-authored by Kraus, Marian and researchers Jennifer Krizman, Anthony Shook and Erika Skoe, "Bilingualism and the Brain: Subcortical Indices of Enhanced Executive Function" underscores the pervasive impact of bilingualism on brain development. "But the advantages we've discovered in dual language speakers come automatically simply from knowing and using two languages.
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"People do crossword puzzles and other activities to keep their minds sharp," Marian said. The researchers found the experience of bilingualism changes how the nervous system responds to sound. The answer is a resounding yes, according to the study in the April 30 issue of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "For our joint study, we asked if bilingualism could also promote experience-dependent changes in the fundamental encoding of sound in the brainstem - an evolutionarily ancient part of the brain," said Marian, professor of communication sciences. Kraus has already shown that lifelong music training enhances language processing, and looking at subcortical auditory regions helped to tell that tale. In particular, they looked at subcortical auditory regions that are bathed with input from cognitive brain areas. Northwestern bilingualism expert Viorica Marian teamed up with auditory neuroscientist Nina Kraus to investigate how bilingualism affects the brain.